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Report Faults Coke Water Use in India
Company says it is following environmental standards
By CRAIG SIMONS
Atlanta Journal Constitution
January 14, 2008
Coca-Cola bottling plants in India are contributing to water scarcity
and often fail to meet the company's regulations on the treatment
of wastewater, according to a report commissioned by the Atlanta beverage
giant and released Monday.
The report by The Energy and Resources Institute, an independent research
organization based in New Delhi, was meant to address concerns about
Coke's business practices in India and is likely to fuel a long-simmering
debate about how the company uses water in the world's second most
populous nation.
Activists, community members and government officials in India have
blamed Coca-Cola for pollution and for causing wells to run dry around
some of the 60 bottling plants the company operates in India.
Coca-Cola executives have disputed the claims and say that the company
- the world's top producer of nonalcoholic beverages - has followed
environmental standards that are among the highest in the world.
"We look at this report very, very positively and very seriously,"
said Atul Singh, president of Coke's India division.
"The report, the whole exercise - that took almost 18 months - clearly
is a commitment for me and my team to take on board the recommendations
that have come out of the report," Singh said in a telephone interview.
In India, the facts of the dispute have been tangled in a web of often-contradictory
scientific reports, anecdotal claims and legal action.
Company officials commissioned the report "to establish an accurate
understanding of Coca-Cola India's water resource management practices,"
according to a letter last week from Coke to the University of Michigan
that was posted to Coke's Web site on Monday.
The University of Michigan requested the evaluation in 2005 after
students called on the administration to cancel its beverage contract
with Coke partly because of problems in India.
Two major conclusions of the report were that Coca-Cola should improve
its treatment of factory wastewater and should avoid situating bottling
plants in areas where water resources are stressed, said Leena Srivastava,
one of two coordinating directors of the study.
Two of six bottling plants examined in the study were located in areas
where groundwater tables were "overexploited," according to the report.
A $16 million bottling plant in Kaladera, in India's northeastern
Rajasthan state, has had "significant impacts" on local water supplies,
particularly in summer months when water tables are "in acute water-stress
period." But the report also noted that the majority of water drawn
from local aquifers in the area was used in agriculture.
Because Coke did not provide researchers with environmental impact
assessments carried out before the Kaladera plant was built, researchers
could not determine if executives were aware that the area was considered
"overexploited" when they decided on the location, Srivastava said.
But she added that "purely from a water point of view, I think it
is a highly questionable decision to have located the plant in Kaladera."
Coca-Cola disputes that assertion.
The letter from Coke to the University of Michigan said that "in recent
years" the company has added five times more water to local water
tables in Kaladera through the harvesting of rainwater than it removed
for the production of beverages. Rainwater harvesting involves trapping
rainwater and allowing it to seep back into the ground to replenish
underground aquifers rather than run into rivers and lakes.
The letter - dated Jan. 11 and based on Coke's review of the report
- also said that "Coca-Cola is a relatively small user of water in
Kaladera; the plant taps far less than one percent of the area's available
water."
The company has pledged to replace more water to Indian aquifers than
its bottling plants use by 2009 as part of a larger plan to improve
its water stewardship globally. The worldwide effort will include
reducing the amount of water needed to make beverages and expanding
water treatment so all water used in the manufacturing process is
returned to the environment.
The report by the Indian research group also said that wastewater
produced by some of the Coca-Cola bottling plants studied contained
some pollutants - including cadmium, a highly toxic chemical element,
and nitrogen - at levels above company regulations, although only
a few samples taken at the factories showed pollutants in excess of
less stringent Indian government standards.
Harry Ott, Coke's director of strategic global water initiatives,
said that "there is no (wastewater treatment plant) in the world that
is 100 percent compliant all the time" with regulations on pollution
levels and most governments monitor average compliance over time.
"Overall, we are in generally in compliance on an ongoing basis,"
he said. "We've got a major effort underway to avoid (pollutants including
cadmium) entering the plant, but from time to time they slip in there
and go through the system."
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